However, the recent worldwide epidemic has demonstrated that ZIKV can exhibit neurotropism that causes serious neurological abnormalities in humans. Most ZIKV infections were associated with mild symptoms characterized by fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. mosquitoes, and was originally discovered in 1947 in the blood of a febrile Rhesus monkey in Uganda’s Zika forest. Viruses belonging to this taxon include several human pathogens, such as yellow fever (YFV), dengue (DENV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV), and West Nile (WNV) viruses. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. The disruption of these pathways was subsequently confirmed with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments that characterize their role in the viral life cycle, and may partially explain why ZIKV infection in placental tissue contributes to extreme neurological problems in a developing fetus. Subsequent analysis of these data using modern pathway analysis methods revealed that the TLR7/8 pathway was strongly inhibited in HMC3 cells, while it was activated in JEG-3 cells during virus infection. HMC3 cells showed a unique set of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with JEG-3 cells at both time points. A panel of 84 genes that are involved in the innate or adaptive immune responses was used to quantify differential expression in both cell lines. We quantified the host transcriptional response to ZIKV infection in both types of cells at 24 and 72 h post-infection.

Here, we studied the behavior of the virus in human placenta (JEG-3) and human microglia (HMC3) cell lines in order to better understand how different host tissues respond during infection. A catalogue of cells that support ZIKV replication, pathogenesis, and/or the persistence of the virus still remains unknown. Pacific Islands and Cape Verde have also reported active ZIKV transmission, and more recently, small outbreaks have also been reported in Southeast Asia and Florida, USA ( CDC, 2016a European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2016) ( Figure 1).Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neuropathic virus that causes serious neurological abnormalities such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in fetuses, which makes it an important concern for global human health. By October 2015, Brazil reported an association between ZIKV infection with both fetal microcephaly-small head for gestational age-and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Since then, ZIKV has spread rapidly across 40 countries, particularly affecting South America, Central America and the Caribbean ( Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and WHO, 2016). In May 2015, the first case of local ZIKV transmission was reported in Brazil. In the past 9 years, large outbreaks have been reported in Micronesia, French Polynesia and other parts of the Pacific, typically accompanied by mild illness ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016a). ZIKV was first observed in a monkey in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947, and it was found a few years later in humans, animals and mosquitoes throughout Africa and Asia. Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne infection caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flavivirus genus. This article offers some insight into Zika and addresses the known effects of Zika during pregnancy, clinical management of women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy, and the implications of Zika for practising midwives in the UK.

As it is likely that some practising midwives in the UK will encounter women who are pregnant or planning to conceive and may have been exposed to Zika, it is important for midwives to be prepared for properly assessing and informing women with the infection. On 1 February 2016, the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the recent outbreak of cases of fetal microcephaly linked to Zika in South America an international public health emergency ( WHO, 2016a).

Side effect of zika virus